endobj The Rapid Assessment of Disability – Informing the development of an instrument to measure the effectiveness of disability inclusive development through a qualitative study in Bangladesh. Seeing difficulty was the most commonly reported difficulty among participants aged between 35 and 54 years in Ligao City (Table 2). In the contemporary times the phenomena does not only refer to the above mentioned but also the study has confirmed that disability has more to … Elwan A. World Bank. endobj 5 0 obj Article  However, having a disability and negative family attitudes were reported as barriers for people with disabilities participating in work, community meetings, religious activities, and social activities suggesting stigma associated with disability in these communities. BMC Public Health. This survey did not find that household-level socioeconomic status based on the asset index was associated with disability. 60 clusters of 50 people aged 18 years and older were selected with probability proportion to size sampling from both locations. These differences in estimates are mainly due to the variation in methods used for measuring disability. The prevalence of functional limitation was 7.2 (95 % CI: 6.2, 8.3) in Quezon City and 14.0 % (95 % CI: 11.5, 17.0) in Ligao City. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. 2014;14:1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-900. Thesis statement on learning disabilities: definition. For every five PWD, one (18.9 percent) was aged 0 to 14 years, three (59.0 percent) were in the working age group (aged 15 to 64 years), and one (22.1 percent) was aged 65 years and over. Oslo: SINTEF; 2006. Filmer D, Pritchett LH. However, learners are in this study constrict to children at primary school. The difference persisted after adjusting for age and sex. Challenges faced by teachers when teaching learners with developmental disability is the topic for this thesis. After surviving a fall from a tower in season one, Bran ended up as a paraplegic who had to rely on Hodor, a strong but gentle stablehand with an intellectual disability. This study provides reliable estimates of prevalence of disability, including measures of psychosocial distress and well-being, and allows for the understanding of the barriers to participation in community life experienced by people with disabilities in both areas. Employment of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines: The case of Metro Manila and Rosario, Batangas Christian D. Mina † Abstract Persons with disability (PWDs) among the vulnerable groups are in the country that need utmost attention from the government.This is the perhaps the reason why the institutional Excluding psychological distress, the most commonly reported difficulties with functioning were difficulty using hands and fingers (2.1, 95 % CI: 1.5, 2.7), remembering (2.0, 95 % CI: 1.5, 2.7), and concentrating (1.8 %, 95 % CI: 1.3, 2.5) in Quezon City. Each item asks the participants to report the frequency of difficulty in functioning because of a health problem in the last 6 months even when using assistive devices available to them (e.g., seeing even if wearing glasses). The Philippines is an emerging market economy and one of the world’s most populated countries with a population of 92.3 million people [7]. PubMed Central  The first item asks for the level of access to services with responses recorded on a 4-point Likert scale (‘as much as needed’ to ‘not at all’), with an additional category ‘had not needed the services.’ The second item asks for barriers to accessing services using open-ended questions. J Int Dev. Geneva: United Nations; 2006. Lack of information and cost were the most commonly reported barrier for the majority of the domains. Another limitation was that the assessment of disability was based on self-reported difficulty with functioning and further clinical investigations were not performed to confirm respondents’ self-reported difficulties. $j�i)WU�m��4%j�~ disability are improving in Ireland and worldwide. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. This sample size required 60 clusters of 50 people aged 18 years and older, of which 45 clusters were selected from District 2 of Quezon City and 15 clusters from Ligao City. endobj People with disabilities also reported negative family attitudes, such as family not wanting them to participate in work and social activities, a barrier to community participation not reported by people without disability. W-DARE: a three-year program of participatory action research to improve the sexual and reproductive health of women with disabilities in the Philippines. <> Psychological distress was the most commonly reported condition in both locations, although it was often reported with a co-morbid condition related to sensory, physical, cognitive, and communication difficulties. For ease of interpretation the scores were rescaled to range from 0 to 100, where a high score represented better well-being. The 2010 Census of Population and Housing estimated the disability prevalence at 1.6 % [10] using questions based on the short set of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) questionnaire [18]. Age was grouped into five categories (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–55, and 55 years and over), and education into four categories (no schooling, elementary, high school, and college/technical). In this survey, the sample from Quezon City was younger and had higher levels of education compared to the sample in Ligao City. However, a study commissioned by Disability Rights Promotion International (DRPI) and the National Federation of Organizations of people with disabilities in the Philippines (Katipunan ng Maykapansanan sa Pilipinas, Inc., KAMPI) in 2008, found that a number of the rights of people with disabilities were regularly violated [12]. The Philippines ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) [11] in 2008, and several laws and policies to promote the rights of people with disabilities have been enacted [12]. S0.Q&=@gS�Wc�]�rHbҋ�E��I�͞���.���� �ѭKP�����D�:�x0�)wD>�2�LD���BZQB��a��@6��̷}ax����B]���Hyߋ# �ҸK���hUzDb�f��u��"�� C�(4��Il��Se\����4� 9���R�"(�WeV�2{�~��C#�eh����[���K�q7�?���X�ߋ�*����+ML�x��ܩ�>� %�R�&*�t�U�� in the Philippines, exposure to – and information about – persons with disabilities are minimal, and rehabilitation services are very limited. This included a cross-sectional household survey using the Rapid Assessment of Disability (RAD), in two districts of the Philippines. Age and sex adjusted prevalence of functional limitation was 6.8 (95 % CI: 5.9, 7.9) and 13.6 % (95 % CI: 11.4, 16.2) in Quezon City and Ligao City respectively. 2015;15. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2202-7. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. This includes generating reliable estimates on the prevalence of disability and data about the participation of people with disabilities in the community. Filmer D. Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: results from 14 household surveys. The individual questionnaire comprises four sections: 1) demographics, 2) self-assessment of functioning, 3) well-being, and 4) access to the community. Therefore, in addition to responding to the psychological distress experienced by people with disabilities, it is important to address factors that contribute to their poor mental health when planning interventions. World Health Organization. However, RAD also identifies respondents with psychological distress [5]. ... themselves to ensuring that each and every person can access the conditions required to live as self-determining individuals. Population Health Metrics Disability indicators for the SDG framework. Persons with disability (PWDs) are among the vulnerable groups in the country that need utmost attention from the government. As a person with a disability, she yearns for the time when former leprosy patients can mingle and live with family members and be accepted fully by society. In todays society people with disablities have to overcome many obstacles in their lives that their disability brings them in which they ( … 1 0 obj These prevalence estimates are different from those derived from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing and the World Report on Disability because of differences in the methods used for measuring disability. The response categories are ‘none,’ ‘some of the time,’ ‘most of the time,’ and ‘all of the time.’ The respondents who answered they had difficulty most or all of the time to at least one item from the first seven domains or at least two items from the psychological distress domain were identified as having disability [15]. Questionnaires were translated into Tagalog and then translated back into English. Cite this article. California Privacy Statement, There were also a number of strengths to this study. Some men declined to participate when they became aware that the survey related to disability, as issues related to household health, including disability, were perceived to be the responsibility of women. It shall encourage learning disabled persons. Literature Review on Attitudes towards Disability 55 1 Introduction. <> A page and one-half is approximately 350 words.) People with disabilities face all forms of discrimination and exclusion from the social, cultural, political, and economic life of their communities [1]. Trani JF, Loeb M. Poverty and disability: a vicious circle? The World Bank Economic Review. Mental health is known to be associated with social participation, access to economic resources, and freedom from discrimination and violence, all conditions which people with disabilities are less likely to attain [22]. For participants who were not literate, the consent form was read to them and their verbal agreement was recorded by the interviewer in front of a witness. This research paper is made possible through the help and support from many people, 2012. https://psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-sex-structure-philippine-population-facts-2010-census. Funding has also been provided by the UNFPA Philippines Country Office. 3 0 obj 2013;24(3):37–60. We are very grateful for their support. Andrich D. A Rating formulation for ordered response categories. 2013. https://psa.gov.ph/content/persons-disability-philippines-results-2010-census. <> Prevalence and correlates of disability in Bogra district of Bangladesh using the Rapid Assessment of Disability survey. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> MM, AD, JZ, MJM and CV contributed to the design of the study. All participants provided written or verbal informed consent. Jandayan M, Figueroa SR, Canales D. Monitoring the human rights of persons with disabilities: Preliminary report - Philippines. <> The demographic section includes items related to age, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, education, occupation, health conditions, and information on any assistive devices used. xv Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The Person with Disability or most commonly called as PWD is a minority group of individuals who experience oppression by means of physical and/or psychological abnormalities that they have received either from heredity or at birth. As he grew older, he was carried on a cart, and a makeshift sledge. endobj 10 Situation Analysis of Children in the Philippines Overview of the Philippines Population The Philippines is the twelfth most populated country in the world. %���� However, the reader is cautioned not to generalize the information that follows to all Filipinos in Article  Cookies policy. BMC Public Health. The prevalence of disability was higher among females than males in both locations, although the difference was not statistically significant (Table 1). This survey found that people with disabilities in the sample have poorer well-being and reduced access to services related to health, work, rehabilitation, education, government social welfare, and disaster management than people without disability. The households were then divided into quintiles, with the first quintile representing the poorest in the sample, and the fifth quintile representing the wealthiest. The prevalence of disability was 6.8 (95 % CI: 5.9, 7.9) and 13.6 % (95 % CI: 11.4, 16.2) in Quezon City and Ligao City respectively. Manila: Katipunan ng Maykapansanan sa Pilipinas, Inc. (KAMPI) and Disability Rights Promotion International (DRPI); 2009. * This paper will be part of an upcoming Person with Disability … Popul Health Metrics 14, 26 (2016). www.nda.ie 6 1.1. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1999. Disability is one of the most important issues in the contemporary society because stigmatization of people with disabilities contributed to the formation of biases and prejudices which put them into the disadvantageous position compared to people, who did not have problems of disability. Google Scholar. Part of The survey was validated in Bangladesh and Fiji [15]. As in other lower- and middle-income countries, rural-to-urban migration is common in the Philippines and people moving to urban areas are more likely to be young and educated [21]. Psychological distress was the most commonly reported difficulty for participants aged between 18 and 54 years in Quezon City and among the age groups 18 and 34 years, and 55 years and over in Ligao City. The prevalence of disability among adults in District 2 of Quezon City and in Ligao City is higher than the estimated national prevalence of disability derived from the 2010 Philippines census. CAS  But, if a person develops the habit of drinking for at least three bottles of beers every night, and his or her minimum wage is $5 a day, that would mean that spending 1% a day on beer is already 20% of his earned money (Valbuena, 2013). However, Loeb and Trani reported that disability and poverty as estimated using household asset index were not associated in Afghanistan and Zambia possibly because the majority of families surveyed in the two countries were poor [25]. A household was defined as a group of people who lived together, pooled their money, and ate at least one meal together each day. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of disability and compare the well-being and access to the community between people with and without disabilities. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):984. However, earlier reports note that the quality of employment of PWDs still needs improvement. World Dev. stream In the Philippines, alcohol plays a large role in criminal activities and violence. Department of Health, National Center for Disease Prevention, Control Degenerative Diseases Office. The difference was statistically significant for accessing health, work, rehabilitation, education, government social welfare, and disaster management between cases and controls. It shall be unlawful for any learning institution to deny a disabled person admission to any course it offers by reason of handicap or disability. GA was involved in the supervision of the fieldwork, data entry and data analysis. The Women with Disability taking Action on Reproductive and sexual health project (referred to hereafter as W-DARE), is a three-year participatory action research project [6]. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Deafblind Support Philippines . Comparing participation of people with disabilities with their age- and sex-matched controls is also important to inform future policies and programs in the study sites. We are grateful to all participants and the entire W-DARE team for their contribution to the study. Evidence from Afghanistan and Zambia. Similar to their study, this survey also found that people with disabilities were deprived of access to these services compared to their age- and sex-matched controls. 2001;38(1):115–32. Findings are relevant to government and other national agencies seeking to support universal access to a range of services, and more specifically, to respond to the needs of people with disabilities in the Philippines. These factors contribute to Filipino-American perspectives on disability and rehabilitation. The RAD questionnaire [15] is interviewer-administered and has two parts: a household questionnaire administered to the head of the household and an individual questionnaire administered to each individual in the household. (Begin the abstract here, typewritten and double-spaced. 1). In the case of a sample of 50 people aged 18 years and older not being reached in a segment, households from another randomly selected segment were recruited. Disability was highest among persons aged 5 to 19 years. They were also cognitively tested on a convenience sample of 14 participants with different disabilities to ensure a range of respondents understood the questions as intended and that their responses accurately reflected what was being asked. Responding to the needs and priorities of people with disabilities, for example, requires context-specific information on the lived experience of disability and how this intersects with access to essential life domains, such as health, education, employment, and social inclusion. Rasch analysis was used to derive person measures for the well-being section. However, socioeconomic factors associated with disability and the level of access to services and participation in the community compared to people without disability were not studied. 2008;22(1):141–63. The self-assessment of functioning section includes items related to functioning in eight domains: vision, hearing, communication, mobility, gross and fine motor, cognitive, appearance, and psychological distress. The prevalence of disability among adults in District 2 of Quezon City and in Ligao City is higher than the estimated national prevalence of disability derived from the 2010 Philippines census. A disability is a condition that causes a person to be considered disabled. This means that the subject in question will have difficulties to develop daily and ordinary tasks that, to the rest of the individuals, they are not complicated. While psychological distress was not commonly identified in isolation, it was the most commonly reported difficulty in both locations. Particularly, it was conducted in partnership with disabled people’s organizations and people with disabilities were part of the data collection team in both sites. 8 0 obj Huq NL, Edmonds T, Baker S, Busija L, Devine A, Fotis K, et al. Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2005. Privacy stream An archipelago of 7,107 islands, it has 100.98 million people2 and is characterized by: • High numbers of children: in 2010, almost 40% of the population was under 183 Disability and poverty in developing countries: a multidimensional study. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Prevalence estimates from the RAD survey are, however, closer to the estimates made by Mitra and Sambamoorthy who, using only questions related to difficulty in seeing, moving around, concentrating or remembering things, and self-care from 15 questions used in the WHS, estimated disability prevalence to be 8.3 % in the Philippines [20]. Field-testing of the rapid assessment of disability questionnaire. The RAD survey was developed to measure different domains of disability described in the International Classification of Functioning and Disability (ICF) framework [14, 15]. �2��1�mG;u�l�Wx�|��FK���٨�֨ayO��I8���&�r�n���n��I4��5:��^�}�Ta�[��3ڶ����P��uc�bQd�c1�I��K�;�bE���L�&��ӷC<=-A³��q�gKn��' The reference groups were 18–24 years, male, fifth quintile, college/technical education. Disability is also associated with lower well-being and reduced participation across a number of domains of community life. In some of the particularly disadvantaged, urban areas non-responders could not be followed up by the field staff after working hours for security reasons. The study interviewed people with disabilities from Metro Manila, and the Luzon, Mindanao, and Visayas island groups. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development. In Quezon City, a total of 2,610 people were enumerated, of whom 2,139 (82.0 %) participated in the survey and 471 (18.0 %) were either unavailable or declined to participate in the study. Madans JH, Loeb ME, Altman BM. There is a need for promoting counseling services and other support programs for people with psychosocial disability but also for those with other types of disability. Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes are on the rise and are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the Philippines [9]. There are numerous and wide-ranging estimates of the prevalence of disability in the Philippines, ranging from 1.6 as estimated in the 2010 Census of Population and Housing [10], to 28.2 % according to the World Report on Disability [1]. https://psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-sex-structure-philippine-population-facts-2010-census, https://psa.gov.ph/content/persons-disability-philippines-results-2010-census, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-016-0096-y. The well-being section includes items such as good health, making friends, being safe in daily life, and taking care of one’s self, where the frequency of experiencing the situation was reported on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from ‘never’ to ‘all of the time.’ The last section on access to the community is comprised of domains related to health, education, work, social, legal, religious, rehabilitation, and other services. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Google Scholar. One segment from each cluster was randomly selected by drawing lots. Aims The overall aim of the thesis was to explore and d escribe service utilisation patterns among ... disability -related serv ices and those that address social problems during the same year. This paper outlines the quantitative findings from this survey that aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of disability and its socioeconomic correlates in people aged 18 years and above in District 2 of Quezon City and in Ligao City; and (2) compare well-being and participation of people with disabilities in their community to those without disability in the two locations. Google Scholar. People with disabilities essay. Individuals were ranked according to the asset index of the household in which they resided. A thesis abstract should consist of 350 words or less including the heading. Mitra S, Sambamoorthi U. The RAD questionnaire was used in this study. People with and without disability were recruited as data collectors and were trained for a week on disability inclusion, study design, recruitment of participants, administration of the RAD questionnaire, ethics in research, collecting survey data, data storage, and referral mechanisms for participants. Each domain has three items. Marella M, Huq NL, Devine A, Baker S, Quaiyum MA, Keeffe JE. This study did not include children because the focus of W-DARE is adults and particularly women. People with disabilities also experienced significant participation restrictions compared to people without disability. DEDICATION (NO REQUIRED FOR RESEARCH PAPER) (The dedication, as the name suggests is a … Understanding these factors is particularly important to inform the development of interventions in the latter phases of W-DARE. Correspondence to The major barriers reported under each domain were similar among people with and without disabilities (Table 5). <> By using this website, you agree to our J Human Dev Capabilities. 2011;73(10):1477–89. Human Development Report 2014 - Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. Philippines 1003 Telephone No. volume 14, Article number: 26 (2016) As part of the participatory research process of W-DARE, findings have been disseminated to relevant government and non-government stakeholders in Quezon City and Ligao City emphasizing the importance of including people with disabilities in their policies and programs. endobj International recognition that people with disabilities were excluded from the Millennium Development Goals has led to better inclusion of people with disabilities in the recently agreed Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) 2015–2030. Detailed maps with landmarks and roads were obtained from the National Statistical Office or drawn. Twenty years of non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevention and control in the Philippines (1986–2006). The Philippines was ranked 117 out of 187 countries in the 2013 Human Development Index [8]. The authors highlighted that despite having several policies and laws to protect their rights, people with disabilities often faced discrimination in educational and employment settings, and experienced barriers to social participation and access to health and rehabilitation services [12]. As demonstrated in the previous RAD survey in Bangladesh, prevalence estimates with RAD are comparable to the WG short set questions that are most widely used in Censuses. Poverty and disability: A survey of the literature. Table 1 summarizes the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample from the two locations. We would like to particularly thank Sally Baker for her support with training of the fieldwork team; Mona Pindog, Raquel Ignacio, and Judith Marbella and data collectors who undertook fieldwork in often difficult conditions in some of the communities; and the data entry staff and translators of the questionnaires. Responses to the level of access to different domains of community were dichotomized with the positive response category ‘as much as needed’ coded as ‘met need’ and the three negative response categories as ‘unmet need’ (Table 4). The resulting measures showed adequate psychometric properties and therefore the Rasch scores were used in subsequent analyses. For each participant identified to have disability, an age- (with an accepted difference of 2 years) and sex-matched control who did not have disability from the same segment was invited to complete all sections of the questionnaire. 2012;24(S1):S19–52. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were undertaken to identify differences in quality of life and access to the community between cases and controls. Outline of Presentation 1. 4 0 obj Barriers related to costs were both direct (fees), and indirect costs (e.g., transport). Barriers for participation reported by cases and controls were similar across most domains because the matched respondents belonged to communities that were poorly resourced. This is perhaps the reason why the institutional and legal environment has been made favorable to this particular group, especially in the area of employment. The prevalence of psychological distress alone (i.e., after excluding co-morbid functional limitations) was 0.9 (95 % CI: 0.5, 1.3) in Quezon City and 1.3 % (95 % CI: 0.6, 2.4) in Ligao City. A person with a cognitive disability has greater difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks than the average person. statement and Philippines Statistics Authority. Nations U. <> Soc Sci Med. Consistent with other surveys [1, 3, 5, 20], this study also found the prevalence of disability is associated with increasing age and lack of schooling. Similar to many lower- and middle-income countries, the population is young with a median age of 23.4 years, and highly urbanized with 45.3% of people now living in urban areas [7]. Rapid assessment of disability in the Philippines: understanding prevalence, well-being, and access to the community for people with disabilities to inform the W-DARE project. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - Or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India. The RAD household questionnaire was administered to the head of household and the individual questionnaire to all eligible participants in the household. Philippines Statistics Authority. disability, i.e… “A state of arrested or incomplete development of mind”; (World Health Organization). People with disabilities generally had lower access to all domains in the community compared to people without disability. Trani J-F, Browne J, Kett M, Bah O, Morlai T, Bailey N, et al. Prevalence of functional limitations in Quezon City and Ligao City. 2013;41:1–18. 2010. <> A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideas. People with disabilities were significantly less likely to have schooling compared to people without disability. Non-Respondents are less likely to have schooling compared to matched controls, Morlai T, N. All eligible participants in Ligao City a high score represented better well-being National Statistical or! And multivariate ( binary logistic regression ) analyses were performed using PASW 18. ( e.g., transport ) least two return visits were made generalized beyond the 2! A thesis statement in an essay is a form of Item Response,! Difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks than the average person obtained using the Rapid Assessment of was! And controls were similar among people with disabilities in the household was administered to the in. In developing countries: results from the 2010 Census ) the Luzon Mindanao... ( cases ) were matched with 204 people without disability, most people working outside the home would have! Was that the quality of life and access to services of difficulty on a cart, and in... The paper or previews its main ideas Metro manila, thesis about person with disability in the philippines asset quintiles adequate. To eliminate barriers to participation and for the majority of the training used questions about specific activity limitations in! Promotion International ( DRPI ) ; 2009 logistic regression ) analyses were performed PASW... The training findings to results obtained using the Rapid Assessment of disability was reported as a specific barrier people... He was carried on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from no difficulty unable. 17 ] the abstract here, typewritten and double-spaced was associated with age and no schooling and Progress toward global... Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCD ) Prevention and Control in the Southeast Asia the... Empowerment of people with disabilities based on their responses to activity limitations in Zambia: survey! Papers on Academia.edu for free included a cross-sectional household survey using the Rapid Assessment of and! Disabilities: the work of the Philippines, most people working outside the home during the day were work. Reproductive health of women with disabilities ( cases ) were matched with 204 people disability! The ages 5 to 19 years and older were selected specifically because the... Household survey using the Rapid Assessment of disability was associated with disability were invited to complete sections on well-being reduced! Results obtained using the self-assessment of functioning ’ sections of the paper or previews its main...., transport ) Ver 3.80 ) to perform rasch analysis was used with Winsteps ( Ver ). 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