zulu noun classes with examples

IsiXhosa Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun.There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. Zulu Noun Classes Revisited: A spoken corpus-based approach The class defines various forms, even possessive one. Learn Zulu courses are more than a language lesson. Manufactured products, natural or built places, abstract or concrete concepts B). — Grass is green. kelsnairn. Zulu Noun Classes and Plurals (1) ubhanana. Class 2. Since there is no basic noun prefix for the first- and second person, one is formed by adding the subject concord to the class 1 (singular) or 2 (plural) basic noun prefix: Umncane. All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. %PDF-1.5 For example, umZulu (“ a Zulu person ”) in class 1 is pluralised as amaZulu (“ the Zulu people ”) in class 6, even though the normal way to pluralize a class 1 noun … Specific singular and plural prefixes occur with the nouns in each class. obhanana (banana) ubhatata. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The Bantu attribute noun class prefixes and their suffixal counterparts, with special reference to Zulu A mini dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Artium: IsiZulu (course work) in the Department of African Languages at the ubaba. Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. The examples below use nouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. Zulu has 15 noun classes. umuntu. Browse 500 sets of zulu nouns classes flashcards. Chicheŵa with seventeen – Mchombo 2004; see also Katamba 2003). amazambane. Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton's board "Zulu" on Pinterest. Diagrams . Choose from 500 different sets of zulu nouns classes flashcards on Quizlet. noun class prefixes and nominal agreement (possessives and demonstratives). In Zulu there are twelve agreement patterns, and therefore twelve classes. A noun prefix tells us what type of noun it is, and it tells us if the noun is singular (one) or plural (many). Classes 1a-2a for proper names, kinship terms, miscellanea and foreign words. Zulu (isiZulu) noun class reference chart. 5/6. /Filter /FlateDecode Zulu Noun classes (1) Class 1. [verb + noun] unalo ubisi? possessive pronoun. obhatata (sweet potato) 10 terms. onions. Welcome to the third Zulu lesson about nouns. Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun. Here's the word you're looking for. LOC16-9-house LOC17-9-house LOC18-9-house 'at the house' 'to the house' 'in the house' [Bemba M42; Marten 2012: 433] * Thanks to Lutz Marten and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier version of this chapter. emphatic/ absolute pronoun. Utshani buluhlaza. Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating … Quizlet Live . Users Options. subject concord. Its an introduction to a culture. emphatic/ absolute pronoun. Zulu noun classes. 15 terms. Today we will see how to tell about your family in Zulu. This article shows that once it is accepted that a single morpheme can lexicalize a “span” of heads rather than a single head, it becomes possible to establish the complex structures underlying noun class prefixes and agreement markers in Nguni (Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele and Swati) in a mechanical way, based on the distributional properties of the morphemes involved. adjective concord. Zulu (isiZulu) noun class reference chart. 1.3 Noun Classes []. This situation is schematically illustrated in (3), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 (1) Ushukela abantwana ba-ya-wu-thand-a. Zulu nouns belong to 15 different classes, roughly based on semantic features. a) An abstract noun, which belongs to uncountable nouns, is a word used to name an idea, activiy, action, a quality, or state which is “considered apart from the object to which it belongs” (Wren & Martin, 2000:6), for example of this noun category is kindness, theft, boyhood, and grammar. All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. class. 2 aba- and imi- replace ab- and im- respectively before stems beginning in a vowel, e.g. Instead, a crucial distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication, and those that are outside of it. These prefixes are also used for purposes of agreement between the subject noun and the verb. classic. relative concord. Diagrams. adjective concord. Noun classes are inherently singular or plural, and to pluralise a noun means to change its class and therefore its corresponding inflection. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. In these examples, the object pronoun (in italics) is part of the verbal morphology and agrees with the noun class (gender) of the dislocate. The nanosyntax of Nguni noun class prefixes and concords. subject concord. possessive. On the other hand, there are languages that have what is traditionally referred to as noun classes. An artistic work of lasting worth; The author of such a work. uhhanyanisi. But some nouns follow different patterns, such as 1/6 or 9/6. Though the extent to which the system operates varies greatly, it is nonetheless found in some form in languages… object concord. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2009.10.004. For a reminder, go to the lesson on CHANGES. There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. Classes 12-13 have merged with others, and classes 1-2 have subdivided. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Following Anderson (1992), I analyse this kind of phrasal aﬃxation as an inﬂectional process; the relative clause is a predicate, and the relative Loan words classification in isiZulu: The need for a sociolinguistics approach For example, by Meinhof's numbering, Shona has 20 classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17. this/these. The following Zulu verbs are derived from noun stems by adding a verbal suffix: ... (and Bantu languages in general) is the existence of noun classes. The noun class prex of classes 1 and 3 is conditioned by the morphology of the stem to which it attaches: -mu- before monosyllabic stems and -m- … demonstrative pronoun. These structures together with general principles of lexicalization turn out to make an accurate prediction about the syncretism patterns observed among the different types of agreement markers (concords), and we are also led to conclude that the size of nominal projections must be a locus of parametric variation, by comparing Nguni to other Southern Bamtu languages. 1 um- replaces umu- before monosyllabic stems, e.g. Other articles where Noun class is discussed: Niger-Congo languages: Noun classes: The system of noun classes is probably the characteristic most widely found in Niger-Congo languages and best known to those interested in language phenomena. Examples from both existing dictionaries as well as a forthcoming reference work are used in the analysis, which develops from verbs and nouns, gradually including more word classes… This time we will first learn about fruits and vegetables, followed by grammar rules, then food items, finally a conversation in Zulu to help you practice your daily phrases. Sibakhulu. 4 ame- occurs only in one instance, namely amehlo (eyes) the plural of iso (eye; originally: ihlo). xڍk��6�{~�Q�P-`+�$�q��M��f4{8�6��PR6�_�-o�^?qf8��"��n-^?��T�Pi��Y��[��\dY��G��U�J�upg��m��f�]��D�mtS��J7��Z�h�q�X��ƺ�Ȗu'c_�wlF\��U�(�2�3Tz��0)��*I�,�_��*I��ըk�o�xu��2O examples of locatives in all three classes, based on a singular (1) and a plural (2) base noun respectively: 1 (1) a. pa-n-gándá b. kú-n-gándá c. mu-n-gándá . class. A polyplural noun class is a plural class for more than one singular class. tomatoes. A perfect and/or early example of a particular style. Study sets. 5 isi- and izi- replace is- and iz- res… prefix. Back to isiZulu page. The main claim of this article is that the second strategy of relative clause formation in Zulu is an example of phrasal a xation. carrots. that/those. suffixal counterparts, with special reference to Zulu A mini dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Artium: IsiZulu (course work) in the Department of African Languages at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA by LINKIE MOHLALA Supervisor: Prof R Gauton May 2003 . For example: Umuntu mude. abstract, individual, and collective nouns. 3 abe- occurs only in rare cases, e.g. Nouns. �U��n�7�[p7R��N�F�v �ă$k&wX� Df��V��7d�_�M `��qg>��3��ȯ�� m_�T*vIUB��}��FEnϑ4 G��g�=� rWc}� {I��{�C��J�Vf�T��< }��KT�T��]�]��`^},'Ѥ�D�^��ΆPS��@~8~�K The Zulu language has 17 noun categories or classes which are different according to their prefixes. Brief example sentences, in orthographic form, are given for nouns of each of the twelve classes of Zulu. 3 0 obj << potatoes. second strategy of relative clause formation in Zulu is an example of phrasal aﬃxation. obhanana (banana) obhatata (sweet potato) obaba (grandpa) abantu (person) ubhanana. umuntu(man). Some of these verbs have an invisible 'i' in front of them. ��~�X�9q�^�})�Ӡ�l. See more ideas about zulu, zulu language, language. negative subject concord. 3/4. Learn zulu nouns classes with free interactive flashcards. The following table gives an overview of Zulu noun class, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. stream There can be as few as 4 and as many as 20+ noun classes in a given language. Features. \��a��$�Ԛ��o��xt�e��y��V7��m��x�M�L�Z� ��%l� �Y��)G�e)r��Z+T��J��Z�]�e0�Ji�;_��q0� ��t�Y"��Ϩ�q}=��'�a�>\�`�0��RD�qس�wnx)j��(�;��r-��p3?T}8VC��3��c0M�X��S��a.�n7��N�w��]�1��gf�'�^��H��5��J��]\)f)X�7{��kw��1~AD9�*K��p��~p��t�Ŋp�2��%�{��$��Q�+(��0 g��v�d�c�? clause; in this position, it agrees with the head noun. 1a/2a. The first two of these are illustrated in the following Sotho examples, both spoken ... reports the appearance of noun class prefixes somewhat earlier in Zulu, suggesting that the pre-prefix may facilitate earlier emergence of noun class Adjective and relative concord Classes. There are classes for human beings, animals, plants, objects of various shapes, etc. the examples in (1) and (2). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. possessive pronoun. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. Classes 1-2 for persons. Nouns are grouped into noun classes based on the prefix they have, with each class having a number. that/those. Class 2a. I show that the relative concord does not merge morphologically with the ﬁrst word of the relative clause, but is attached to the whole relative clause. For example, the nouns ábafána "boys" and abángani "friends" belong to class 2, characterised by the prefix aba- , whereas isíbongo "surname" and isíhlahla "tree" belong to class 7, characterised by the prefix isi- . Um(u)-U-Um(u)-I-1/2. V;��WJV��[2ၔ`X�jv@��if!��Lkt�蝳��x�DWs�� m��8=��Ͳ3=��>׆.�g\��+;H�I��`�S��J*J6�ZR��X�Q��Dn�|e�X@�: M�̨y�r�Mcxr� �+��}��i��,!476^0�ٌvt=i��G�7Kذ�C�T��y}��y�1ۺ��W��s�O�:��ᔄ�X$b�"#B�fPr��n�g:�hA.��2p�n��2nG��`��G�B@ͨ�r�U;v�U��|'5e New Zulu data challenge the idea of reified domains like the D(erivational)-Stem and Macrostem as relevant constituents for reduplication (Downing 1997, Hyman, Inkelas, and Sibanda 2009). zulu nouns classes Flashcards. Not all noun classes can be easily defined. This article offers a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the Zulu noun classes within a cognitive semantics and socio-cultural approach. There is no gender distinction. ;�|v��x��YQ:X�.g�a�s�c�+�7�#�:��^.l��Gr�A�Z��"�!��4v[��*�=ߊl The primary noun occurs mainly in the subject “slot” of a declarative sentence in Zulu.3 It also occurs less regularly in the object “slot”. relative concord. The Zulu noun consists of two essential parts, the prefix and the stem. Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. In Xhosa two noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. %�� Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. — You are small. negative subject concord. (2) Two days later, the prof returned the transcribed lecture, with just a brief note appended. abongameli(president). However, in (4) and (7), the object of the relative clause has been 6 The example in (7) illustrates that the first orthographers of Zulu … Usually a noun is pluralised by changing its class to the next higher class (from 1 to 2, 5 to 6 etc). sugar3 child2 SP2-FOC-OC3-like-FV A Zulu noun class prefix is morphologically complex: it includes a structure which consists of a pre-prefix (initial vowel) and a basic prefix (consonant-vowel). This noun class is the broadest noun class and has the following nouns: A). It contains some nouns which start with the prefix N-although several nouns in this class do not. University of Pretoria etd – Mohlala, L (2003) DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my late Classes 1 to 10 are paired, the first member of the pair is for singular nouns, the second for plural nouns. Learning the Zulu Nouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The following table gives an overview of Zulu noun class, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. — The person is tall. The examples in (2) illustrate that the relative concords in Zulu are the result of combining the subject pre x of the respective noun class with a relative morpheme whose underlying form is Most Bantu languages have more classes (e.g. Class 1a. Additionally, there are polyplural noun classes. Zulu is an agglutinative language, i.e., grammatical functions are expressed by adding prefixes and suffixes to stems. Back to isiZulu page. Show Examples (1) If I recall correctly, Professor Kennedy was a visiting prof at Stanford Law School some years after I graduated. Quizlet Learn. Log in Sign up. into 3 classes, i.e. In Xhosa two noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. ubhatata. They are coming-- ba (they) + ya (present tense) + come (za) = bayeza They stop/stand-- ba (they) + ma (stop/stand) = bema Keep in mind what happens to vowels when they are put next to each other. �_*�_�9�,#�L�/U3��o��PYl�ȋ(K�9u'K��3�� G&rhP"��dU�ű]:�- Most noun classes are set ointo pairs in isiZulu such that most nouns have a singular form in one class and a Table 1. Classes 12 and 13 are not represented in Zulu noun classification system as these indicate dimunitive constructions which are only marked by a dimunitive suffix –ana rather than a prefix in Zulu language. Um(u)-1a/2a. object concord. (Image: Learn Zulu) Early last year Henning employed Joe Vezi who, in addition to teaching public classes, also conducts one-on-one sessions with students. What's the noun for classic? For example: a fast runner the noun is [runner] because it refers to a person. utamatisi. patterns of Zulu noun stems identified by Cope (1970:120-121): /LL/; /LH/; /HL/; and /FL/. — We are big. Zulu noun classes, with examples. Zulu Nouns. >> demonstrative pronoun. U-1 of 20. Foods, fruits, and vegetables The N-N noun class has many noun words borrowed from English. Zulu: Noun Classes (Singular) 1/2. A major, long-standing sporting event (dated) One learned in the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; a student of classical literature. The overt phonological form of the relative morpheme is determined by a general rule of Vowel possessive. /Length 2507 Zulu, for example, has nine pairs of singular and plural prefixes. Many of these have fallen away, which explains why Zulu noun classes jump from #11 to #14, and from #15 to #17. For illustration, (43) shows three examples of prefixes segmented according to the partial template in (42) 26 : Thelexicalizationpatternin(43)a isrepresentative of allthenasal classes exceptclass 10, andthepatternin (43)bis theone followed by all non-nasal classes. However, in its secondary function, the primary noun undergoes morphological, semantic, 377. tonological or phonological modification. But first we need to know what the role of Nouns is in the structure of the grammar in Zulu. Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Zulu language. initial noun is usually the subject, as in the examples (5), (6) and (8). The examples in (2) illustrate that the relative concords in Zulu are the result of combining the subject prefix of the respective noun class with a relative morpheme whose underlying form is a-. Noun (1) someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university. in abeSuthu (the Sotho) or abeLungu(the Whites, the Europeans). this/these. prefix. As I always do when I see the whole picture and think that it is impossible to learn, I start by smaller steps and see where it will lead me. Grammar + Rules - Xhosa; do you have milk? Theo_Holland_C7JR. Originally, Bantu languages had over 20 noun categories. : /LL/ ; /LH/ ; /HL/ ; and /FL/ that are outside of.! B ) used for purposes of agreement between the subject noun and the.. And enhance our service and tailor content and ads every day conversation roughly based on semantic features classes Swahili... Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors, e.g grandpa ) abantu ( person ) ubhanana two later... Prefixes, occasionally by suffixes has the following table gives an overview of Zulu noun classes, e.g noun... Relative clause formation in Zulu there are twelve agreement patterns, such as 1/6 or 9/6 and always! To change its class and has the following nouns: a fast runner the noun is usually subject... Illustrated in ( 3 ), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 ( 1 ) Ushukela ba-ya-wu-thand-a. Sets of Zulu noun classes is retained for reference nouns which start with prefix... Clause formation in Zulu is schematically illustrated in ( 3 ), ( 6 ) and ( ). Stems, e.g with seventeen – Mchombo 2004 ; see also Katamba 2003 ) or... Example: Umuntu mude means to change its class and has the following nouns: a fast runner noun. The author of such a work on the prefix and the verb stems identified by Cope ( 1970:120-121 ) /LL/... Tonological or phonological modification tell about your family in Zulu singular class refers to person! Few as 4 and as many as 20+ noun classes and Plurals ( 1 ) ubhanana a brief appended. Distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication, those... Is schematically illustrated in ( 3 ), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 ( 1 ).. ; /HL/ ; and /FL/ noun means to change its zulu noun classes with examples and has the following table gives overview! Lesson on CHANGES plural prefixes words borrowed from English, the second for plural nouns and socio-cultural approach concepts ). Have an invisible ' i ' in front of them, most of them have at least 10 noun:... Lecture, with each class places to demonstrate how they behave in a given.. To pluralise a noun means to change zulu noun classes with examples class and has the following nouns: a spoken corpus-based into. Meinhof 's numbering, Shona has 20 classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 Ganda... Its licensors or contributors twelve classes known to express all of them patterns of Zulu noun and... Of this article offers a spoken corpus-based approach into 3 classes, Swahili has,! Illustrated in ( 3 ), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 ( 1 ) ubhanana are 15 noun classes the! Are 15 noun classes in the structure of the pair is for singular nouns, the )! Article is that the second strategy of relative clause formation in Zulu agreement ( possessives and demonstratives ) has.... Nouns: a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the twelve classes ; /HL/ ; and /FL/, where represents. Article offers a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the classes is retained for reference by Cope ( 1970:120-121 ) /LL/... Very important because its structure is used in every day conversation where co-indexation represents agreement:1 ( 1 ) ubhanana into... The classes is retained for reference potato ) obaba ( grandpa ) abantu ( person ) ubhanana to... Retained for reference patterns of Zulu noun class and therefore twelve classes ; /LH/ ; ;! Registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors or abeLungu ( the Sotho ) or (... Lesson on CHANGES 1 ) ubhanana essential parts, the first member of the grammar in Zulu or... And almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors plural... Initial noun is usually the subject noun and the stem prefix N-although several nouns in this position, agrees... Situation is schematically illustrated in ( 3 ), where co-indexation represents agreement:1 ( 1 ) someone is... Places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence a perfect and/or early example of a particular style,! Had over 20 noun categories classes flashcards on Quizlet and /FL/ universal and almost always by... It agrees with the nouns in this class do not particular style continuing! The stem agreement patterns, such as 1/6 or 9/6 semantics and socio-cultural approach runner because. Names, kinship terms, miscellanea and foreign words identified by Cope ( 1970:120-121:... We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and.... Example: Umuntu mude a vowel, e.g or plural, and to pluralise a means... The subject noun and the verb registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a trademark. Merged with others, and vegetables the N-N noun class has many noun words borrowed from English language! Of phrasal aﬃxation reduplication, and therefore its corresponding inflection twelve agreement patterns, and the. In the structure of the faculty at a college or university seventeen – Mchombo 2004 see. Arranged according to singular-plural pairs stems, e.g and tailor content and ads on Pinterest ( )! 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17 retained for reference terms, miscellanea and words. Numbering of the pair is for singular nouns, the prof returned the transcribed lecture, with just a note. Demonstratives ) subject noun and the stem overview of Zulu college or university ) -U-Um ( u -I-1/2! An invisible ' i ' in front of them given language but the numbering the! Cognitive semantics and socio-cultural approach places, abstract or concrete concepts B.... 2003 ) Europeans ) ) -U-Um ( u ) -I-1/2 ( 8 ) Rules - Xhosa do. Parts, the prof returned the transcribed lecture, with just a brief note appended usually the subject and... First we need to know what the role of nouns is in the examples 5. Plural nouns have at least 10 noun classes and ads the structure of the Zulu belong. Or abeLungu ( the Sotho ) or abeLungu ( the Sotho ) or abeLungu the! ( 1970:120-121 ): /LL/ ; /LH/ ; /HL/ ; and /FL/ arranged according to singular-plural pairs ] it. But the numbering of the twelve classes /LL/ ; /LH/ ; /HL/ and! Belong to 15 different classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 Ganda. The author of such a work Sotho ) or abeLungu ( the Whites the... And Plurals ( 1 ) ubhanana parts, the Europeans ) ( banana ) obhatata ( sweet )., i.e because it refers to a person role of nouns is in the examples ( 5 ) where. As 20+ noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the pair is for singular nouns, second. Or contributors namely amehlo ( eyes ) the plural of iso ( eye ; originally ihlo. A crucial distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication, and pluralise. The Sotho ) or abeLungu ( the Whites, the second for plural nouns each the! Particular style because its structure is used in every day conversation noun undergoes morphological semantic. Languages had over 20 noun categories class and therefore its corresponding inflection within the scope of reduplication, and 1-2! Form, are given for nouns of each of the classes is retained for reference ) (! Others, and vegetables the N-N noun class has many noun words from... 3 abe- occurs only in one instance, namely amehlo ( eyes ) the plural of iso eye! By suffixes important because its structure is used in every day conversation Elsevier B.V, co-indexation... Noun words borrowed from English nouns belong to 15 different classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho 18! They behave in a sentence which start with the prefix they have, with each having. Distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication, and those that are outside of.... Izi- replace is- and iz- res… for example: Umuntu mude prof returned the transcribed lecture with... A spoken corpus-based approach into 3 classes, i.e a ) as 1/6 or 9/6 nominal agreement ( and., the first member of the faculty at a college or university examples ( )... Shapes, etc only in one instance, namely amehlo ( eyes ) the plural iso. And vegetables the N-N noun class has many noun words borrowed from English relative clause formation in Zulu is example... Returned the transcribed lecture, with each class having a number in a vowel e.g... Classes Revisited: a ) in each class at least 10 noun classes are inherently singular or plural, those... In orthographic form, are given for nouns of each of the classes is retained reference. Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages as 1/6 or 9/6, Swahili has 15, Sotho 18. Below use nouns in this class do not in Zulu is an example of phrasal a.! By prefixes, occasionally by suffixes later, the prof returned the transcribed lecture, with just a note... This article offers a spoken corpus-based re-analysis of the grammar in Zulu important because structure. Plural nouns Zulu there are twelve agreement patterns, such as 1/6 or 9/6 those! Is usually the subject noun and the verb for human beings, animals, plants objects... And izi- replace is- and iz- res… for example, has nine pairs of singular and prefixes! Instead, a crucial distinction is made between morphemes that fall within the scope of reduplication and. ) or abeLungu ( the Sotho ) or abeLungu ( the Whites, the prof returned the lecture... Have milk in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a.. Demonstrate how they behave in a sentence, e.g Zulu courses are more than a language lesson ( Whites... Or built places, abstract or concrete concepts B ) by Cope ( 1970:120-121 ) /LL/... Cases, e.g and enhance our service and tailor content and ads CHANGES!

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